Thanks to Joseph Newman and Evan Soule for the following. Joseph Newman's Inventions Joseph Newman is the King of new energy devices. As I was preparing for my "Heavy Watergate" piece on cold fusion, I ran into some rather favorable articles on their work. I feel this is one of those stories only The Konformist would consider highlighting, so naturally, here it is, highlighted. Enjoy. *********************************************************** From: josephnewman@earthlink.net (Evan Soule) Dear Mr. Sterling, I have worked with Joseph Newman for nearly fourteen years (having Edited his book and assisted him with PR and a variety of special projects over the years) and I have witnessed first hand the injustices inflicted upon this innovator who has endeavored to bring forth his revolutionary technology. BTW, I am located in New Orleans and Joseph Newman is located in Lucedale, Mississippi, approximately 140 miles distant. We communicate daily. I can assure that the facts of this case are truly amazing! Best regards, Evan Soule' Director of Information NEWMAN ENERGY PRODUCTS josephnewman@earthlink.net (504) 524-3063 P.O. Box 57684, New Orleans, LA 70157-7684 Websites: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/6087 http://www.infochase.com/us/master/index.html http://www.angelfire.com/biz/Newman/index.html *********************************************************** THE SPECIAL REPORT (Part A) THE FOLLOWING IS A SPECIAL REPORT CONCERNING THE TECHNOLOGY OF JOSEPH NEWMAN "A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." -- MAX PLANCK What I am going to suggest to you in this Special Report is more than simply 'a genuine improvement in electrical technology,' but rather a significant paradigm shift which may challenge some of the fundamental beliefs held today in electrical theory. While I don't know you personally, I am hoping that you, the reader, possess the gift of intellectual honesty, i.e., a willingness to look at the facts regardless of one's predispositions and/or prejudices. My personal background is history and science, and I have devoted the past twenty years to studying the history of physics -- especially with regard to invention and the great difficulties major innovators have had in presenting their achievements to society. In many instances the history of physics (science) has taught me that "the greater the innovation -- the greater the resistance." This is very unfortunate for the progress of humanity. I am hoping that the independence of your thinking will give you the freedom to view a new technology, a new paradigm -- with the open-mindedness and intellectual honesty of Planck's 'new generation.' Allow me to present to you a sterling example of "intellectual dishonesty": this brief story involves a young upstart thinker by the name of Galileo Galilei and a most distinguished Professor of Philosophy at Padua University by the name of Cesare Cremonini. One may ask today, "Who is Cesare Cremonini?" Yet four hundred years ago, Cremonini was the well-known and famous professor and Galileo Galilei was a virtually unknown original thinker. Once upon a time (so the story goes), this young thinker Galileo claimed to have discovered "mountains on the moon" by virtue of the utilization of a new tool called the telescope. Naively believing that other thinkers and professors would welcome this discovery, Galileo invited professor Cremonini to view these moon mountains for himself through the telescope. Cremonini chided Galileo for his insanity since, as everyone knows, "the moon cannot contain protuberances or blemishes since Aristotle has said that the moon is a perfect sphere." Galileo replied, "I don't care what Aristotle said, simply come look through my telescope and see for yourself." "No, Galileo, my young friend," responded Cremonini, "I KNOW that there are no mountains on the moon." Professor Cremonini then opened the book of Aristotle to the appropriate page and 'proved' that Galileo could not possibly be correct. But Galileo was insistent. "If you just look through the telescope you will see that Aristotle was incorrect," he said to Cremonini. Then Professor Cremonini responded by saying, "No Galileo, I will NOT look through that confounded tube of yours. But IF I did look and if I DID see mountains on the moon, then I would know that you have simply enchanted me." This, dear reader, is intellectual dishonesty. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- I am asking you, the reader, in this Special Report to be willing to "look through the tube." And the "tube" here represents a new understanding of electromagnetism. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- You may ask, "How could this be so?" One may maintain that in a post-Faraday electrical society, everything that can be known about electromagnetism is known. In response to this position, I ask that you consider the quotation of Charles H. Duell, Director of the Patent Office in 1899: "Everything that can be invented has been invented." But before I present an introduction to the new technology in question, permit me to introduce its inventor -- Joseph W. Newman. [In my study of the history of science, I have discovered a passion for biography, i.e., by knowing something of the inventor one acquires a much greater depth, richness and appreciation for the significance of the innovation. In addition, biographies allow the reader to learn something of the personal struggles of the great thinkers and inventors of history.] Who is Joseph Newman? He is an original thinker who has educated himself over the past forty years in physics, chemistry, astronomy and many other areas which have intrigued him. The focus of his life has become his work in electromagnetics which he began developing over thirty years ago. And he is not a starry-eyed theoretician. Since he has made his living by inventing, he has discovered a need to remain grounded in reality, in practical applications of his concepts. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- These quotations are from scientists who have endorsed Joseph Newman's work: "The future of the human race may be dramatically uplifted by the large-scale, commercial development of this invention." -- Dr. Roger Hastings, Principal Physicist, UNISYS CORPORATION "If the manner in which Joseph Newman conducted his experiments and the results were made known to the industrial or engineering community then, in my opinion, several companies and/or individuals possess the expertise and capabilities to construct the hardware required to fully exploit the apparent capability of his new concepts." -- Dr. Robert E. Smith Chief, Orbital and Space Environment Branch, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA "You have opened an area in Astrophysics which may revolutionize the magnetic energy problems which is now the most paramount problem in future energy and space travel. I do believe with proper research funds, the results would not only be a great financial boom to your financiers, but would lead to developments that will be practical and beneficial to all mankind and develop a new step in science." -- Dr. E. L. Moragne, MORAGNE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CO. [Dr. Moragne was an electromagnetic pioneer in the development of the first atomic bomb.] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Better than 30 physicists, nuclear engineers, electrical engineers and electrical technicians have signed Affidavits attesting to the validity of his invention: an electromagnetic motor/generator that could supply every American's home, farm, business, automobile and appliance with electrical power at a fraction of the present cost. But before I discuss the invention itself, permit me to digress a moment about magnetism. Over the years I have posed this questions to professors of electrical engineering: "What is the mechanical essence of magnetism?" The standard reply is vague at best, but includes such answers as, "It consists of lines of force and action at a distance; potential energy." The fifth edition of the Modern Dictionary of Electronics by Rudolf F. Graf [published by Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana] defines magnetism as: "A property possessed by certain materials by which these materials can exert mechanical force on neighboring masses of magnetic materials and can cause voltages to be inducted in conducting bodies moving relative to the magnetized bodies." And, lines of force are defined as: "In an electric or magnetic field, an imaginary line in the same direction as the field intensity at each point. Sometimes called a maxwell when used as a unit of magnetic flux." These definitions seem superficially fine, but fail to specifically address the real question: "What is the mechanical essence of magnetism?" "Of what do these 'imaginary lines of force' consist?" "What is the real nature of mechanical force -- what physically causes such action at the most fundamental level?" These questions perplexed Michael Faraday, who said: "How few understand the physical (emphasis added) lines of force! They will not see them, yet all the researches on the subject tend to confirm the views I put forth many years since. Thompson of Glasgow seems almost the only one who acknowledges them. He is perhaps the nearest to understanding what I meant. I am content to wait convinced as I am of the truth of my views." [Although he had only a 7th grade, formal education, Faraday was a mechanical genius.] I must postulate that if Faraday were alive today he would claim that because of the manner in which electric motors are constructed today -- utilizing high current and low voltage -- we have yet to discover the true nature of electromagnetism. Joseph Newman unequivocally states that all electrical motors built to date are constructed with built-in inefficiencies since they should be operating with low current and high voltage. [But I am jumping ahead of myself at this point.] Back to Faraday . . . One man truly understood Faraday's mechanical genius and was capable of translating his mechanical work into mathematics: James Clerk Maxwell -- a towering genius and innovator in science. Maxwell specifically wrote the following: "The theory I propose may . . . be called a theory of the Electromagnetic Field because it has to do with the space in the neighborhood of the electric or magnetic bodies, and it may be called a Dynamical Theory, because it assumes that in that space there is matter in motion, by which the observed electromagnetic phenomena are produced." (Emphasis added.) Maxwell even went on to add: "In speaking of the Energy of the field, however, I wish to be understood literally. All energy is the same as mechanical energy, whether it exists in the form of motion or in that of elasticity, or in any other form. The energy in electromagnetic phenomena is mechanical energy." (Emphasis added.) Matter in motion. Back in the early 1960's Joseph Newman wondered what was the mechanical essence, the nature, of this "matter in motion." In Chapter Two of his book -- THE ENERGY MACHINE OF JOSEPH NEWMAN -- Joseph Newman describes the fundamental essence of a magnetic field as a particle having a "gyroscopic spin." This gyroscopic action is fundamental to understanding the mechanical nature of electromagnetism. When one understands the gyroscopic characteristics of the matter in motion contained within an electromagnetic field, then one begins to recognize a better mechanical means of harnessing this kinetic energy. To generate the largest possible magnetic field within a copper coil and therefore to have access to greater numbers of "matter in motion" -- (for purposes of simplicity of understanding, Joseph Newman refers to this matter in motion as gyroscopic particles) -- one must input large amounts of voltage to achieve maximum atom alignment in the copper coil. When this high voltage input occurs, the copper coil atoms release their kinetic energy in the form of a magnetic field. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Joseph Newman has discovered a highly efficient means to harness this magnetic energy emanating from the copper coil. And Joseph Newman takes this a step farther by stating that these gyroscopic particles represent the mechanical essence of Einstein's equation of E=mc2. He states that these gyroscopic particles spin at the speed of light and move in a given direction (lines of force) at the speed of light, and are thus the mechanical equivalent of E=mc2. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nearly twelve years ago, it took me about three weeks to really understand Joseph Newman's mechanical explanation of magnetism. I repeatedly studied the diagrams until I grasped what he was trying to say. As a result of understanding his explanation of magnetism I observed a simple magnetic phenomena which was elegantly explained by Joseph Newman's mechanical work in magnetism (see Chapter Three of his book). I submit the following quotation from Ken Arno, Re-search Director at G.E.R.D., Co.: "I can speak with a 'personal knowledge' and 'hands-on-experience' when I talk about the collapsing magnetic field phenomena in a coil. We here at G.E.R.D. Co. and everyone else who makes use of electrical circuits have always considered the collapsing field effect to be a nuisance because, when using a mechanical relay coil in an electronic circuit, it would cause a current to be pumped back into our circuit, creating havoc. "One solution to the problem of C.E.M.F. was to install a diode across the coil leads and when the power was removed, the C.E.M.F. caused a current to flow which passed through the diode and to be dissipated as heat in the coil itself and not in our circuit. "The fact that this effect has for over one hundred years been viewed as a problem to be designed out of electrical systems is the reason no one until you, Joseph Newman, had seriously considered it as a source of abundant free energy. Everyone knew it was there, but no one recognized its potential." End of Section A For additional information, contact: Joseph Newman Publishing Company, Route 1, Box 52, Lucedale, MS 39452 USA or Evan Soule' Director of Information Newman Energy Products (504) 524-3063 email: josephnewman@earthlink.net Post Office Box 57684 New Orleans, Louisiana 70157-7684 United States of America *********************************************************** THE SPECIAL REPORT (Part B) I submit the following from a Letter to the Editor of the Mobile Press Register: "Never having met, talked with, nor had financial dealings with Joseph Newman, I read his book, The Energy Machine of Joseph Newman. After 30 years in the electrical profession I felt eminently qualified to debunk his claim to a device that generated more energy than it consumes. In the second chapter, I sat up in bed and shouted, 'He's got it!'" --- Patrick McLain, EE, Mobile, Alabama I don't wish to dampen Mr. McLain's enthusiasm for this technology and, although his comments are well-intentioned, Mr. McLain is laboring under the superficial conclusion that Joseph Newman's motor "generates more energy than it consumes." This is simply not the case. In fact, the motor does generate greater external energy output than external energy input. This technology does not violate the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy. On the contrary -- this technology further corroborates the Laws of Thermodynamics, i.e., the only way one will achieve the internal production of energy within the system is by supplying the system with high voltage (and low current) to align the copper atoms in the coil. Joseph Newman supplies an external electrical stimulus to his coil (and special commutator system) that generates the magnetic field containing the gyroscopic particles (matter in motion). This external electrical stimulus takes the form of high voltage -- and the higher the better until maximum atom alignment of the coil is achieved. At the same time the current is kept as low as possible to minimize resistance; thereby the Newman motor always runs "cool." The externally applied high voltage is not "consumed" by the system -- it operates in the same manner as the hydraulic system in an automobile. The reservoir of brake fluid is not "used up" but supplies a continual hydraulic pressure to the automobile's brake system. In a similar fashion the high input voltage (and low current) acts as an electrical 'hydraulic' pressure to continually realign the atoms within the motor's copper coil. The continual collapse and expansion of the copper coil's magnetic field creates the mechanical torque of the motor. (The special commutator system achieves this continual collapse and expansion of the magnetic field.) The net increase of external electrical energy from the system directly comes from the energy produced internally within the copper coil. This net energy is greater than the small amount of current originally inputed into the system along with the high voltage. In the final analysis where is the excess energy coming from? Answer: from the atoms of the copper coil within the motor/generator. Dr. Roger Hastings, a physicist who has worked extensively with Joseph Newman over a number of years, has calculated that this system is so conversion efficient that it may take decades (or far longer) to be able to measure any appreciable mass loss in the coil. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- This brings me to a discussion of efficiency. If Joseph Newman's motor/generator system is viewed as a whole -- considering both external energy and internal energy -- then the total energy output for the system is equal to the total external and internal energy input combined. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Such a process is fully in accordance with the First Law of Thermodynamics! When the system is viewed as a whole, it is imprecise to say that the Newman motor/generator simply "produces more than it consumes." However, it is correct to say that "the external energy output is greater than the external energy input" -- an external energy input considered independently of the large internal energy produced by the Newman motor/generator. In other words, the revolutionary nature of this system is the fact that Joseph Newman has discovered a new electromagnetic principle of nature and has innovated a technology capable of converting matter (copper coil) into energy (in accordance with E=mc2) via a highly efficient electromagnetic reaction rather than an inefficient fission reaction. Those who state that "one can never build a device which exceeds 100% efficiency" do not understand the nature of the phenomenal efficiencies (in excess of 800%) produced by the Newman motor/generator. Such a statement demonstrates an inability to distinguish between CONVERSION efficiency and PRODUCTION efficiency. To state that Joseph Newman's motor/generator is 8.2 production efficient, i.e., that it produces over eight times as much external energy output as external energy input, is different from stating that the invention approaches 100% conversion efficiency, i.e., that it converts the internal mass of the copper coil into energy in accordance with E=mc2. The former process involves production efficiency and the latter process involves conversion efficiency. These two different types of efficiencies should not be confused. In his motor/generator system, the electromagnetic conversion (of matter to energy) efficiency approaches 100% [rather than the less than 1% conversion (of matter to energy) efficiency of a typical nuclear fission reaction.] The production efficiency of the Newman energy machine has been found to be in excess of 800%, i.e., over eight times as much external energy output as external energy input. Consider the following crude analogy of a nuclear fission reactor to Joseph Newman's motor/generator: a typical nuclear reactor consists of a small amount of external electrical energy being inputed into the reactor station to turn on lights, activate control panels, start machinery, etc. The large external energy produced by the reactor, however, is the result of the nuclear fission process which internally occurs within the system. As a result of such an internal fission process, external electrical energy is produced in the system. If, however, one ignores the internal energy and only considers the initial, small external energy input, then one could say that the net external electrical energy output produced by a nuclear reactor is greater than the external electrical energy input. The important distinction, however, between a conventional nuclear reactor and Joseph Newman's motor/generator is that the former is less than 1% conversion efficient and the latter approaches 100% conversion efficiency. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- In essence, Joseph Newman has integrated the work of Faraday with that of Einstein and has created a motor technology that will bring us into the 21st century. One may say that "this is too good to be true." Is this -- our current electrical technology -- the BEST that we can do? Is there no expectation that we may achieve a deeper understanding of electromagnetism which will allow us to build fundamentally different (and more efficient) motors? Could one not conceive that such a revolutionary technology could be achieved in fifty years? One hundred years? One thousand years? Can anyone really believe that our traditional motor/electromagnetic technology is the technology that will be utilized five thousand years from now? But why must we wait five thousand years? Why not in a hundred years? Why not in fifty years? Why not NOW. You may say, "Well, why hasn't it been done before now?" My response: why did the Wright Brothers 'wait' until 1903 to invent the aeroplane? Things happen when they do, I suppose . . . often in spite of tremendous ignorance, apathy and hostility. Christian Morgenstern summed it up quite well when he said: "The obvious is that which is never seen until someone expresses it simply." In its essence, Joseph Newman's technology is the model of simplicity. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For twelve continuous hours, Joseph Newman operated a recent production model of his motor/generator: from 8:00AM to 8:00PM -- and attached to a Grainger Reciprocating Pump -- the Newman Motor/Generator pumped 1 gallon of water per minute at 12 PSI at the Lucedale, Mississippi City Park. The voltage source was a local alternating current connection to the Newman Motor/Generator through a conventional house watt meter. The Newman Motor/Generator utilized the city grid voltage but not the current. When a conventional motor was operated on this city grid system the house watt meter proceeded to turn, indicating that external electrical energy was being consumed. During the entire 12 hours that the Newman Motor/Generator pumped water, the house watt meter did not move. Moreover, for the entire 12 hour period the Newman Motor/Generator ran cool. The news media, city officials and representatives of the local power station observed and corroborated these results. This technology is ready to go forward into production. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- WHAT CAN YOU DO? (This section is for everyone [and non-technical people] in general...) 1) Tell your friends and associates about the new technology. 2) Urge your Congressman and Senators to introduce Private Relief Bills identical to those introduced by 11 different Congressmen. A sample Bill read: "A BILL For the relief of Joseph W. Newman. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, is authorized and directed to immediately issue a pioneer patent to Joseph W. Newman for the invention described in the patent application numbered 179,474 and filed in August 1980. Such patent shall be accorded rights equal to the rights accorded to patents issued title 35, United States Code. 3) To people in general: if you are mechanically inclined and have at least a fundamental understanding of electrical circuitry, you are invited to construct a prototype for yourself and demonstrate the remarkable nature of this technology. An 11-year-old girl built a small prototype of the Newman Energy Machine and won 1st place in her science fair! [Of course, the fact that her father was an electrical engineer probably didn't hurt!] We recently received a VHS tape from a mechanically-gifted individual in Philadelphia who constructed a Newman energy machine from having read the book, THE ENERGY MACHINE OF JOSEPH NEWMAN. We had no prior contact or knowledge of this individual, yet he corroborated Joseph Newman's results. This VHS tape is featured on a special VHS tape recently produced. 4) We are looking for manufacturers who would be interested in producing Newman Motor/Generators. Contact the address below. 5) We are building up a list of mechanically-gifted individuals such that, as manufacturers begin to generate this technology, they will have a pool of individuals to draw from who are familiar with Joseph Newman's work. 6) Joseph Newman's fundamental, 470-page, hardcover book, 7th Edition [ISBN: 0-9613835-7-7] which features over 150 illustrations, charts, graphs, and photographs can be ordered from: Joseph Newman Publishing Company, Route 1, Box 52, Lucedale, Mississippi 39452. This book represents over thirty years of research on the part of Joseph Newman. In some cases, you can ask your library to purchase this book, or, since many libraries across the country already have earlier editions which you can borrow via interlibrary loans. 7) One may obtain a copy of the VHS tape, available from Joseph Newman Publishing Company, featuring the Philadelphia version of Joseph Newman's energy machine, as well as considerable additional information. Also on the tape is a simple, inexpensive and repeatable demonstration that would make an excellent student project for a science fair and demonstrates but one aspect of the technology. This demonstration proves conclusively that traditional electrical engineering has been harboring a 150-year-old fallacy that has resulted in all motors being constructed with built-in inefficiencies! This fallacy is the belief that the strength of the magnetic field surrounding a copper conductor coil comes from the input CURRENT. THIS IS FALSE! The strength of the magnetic field surrounding a copper conductor coil comes from the ATOMS OF THE COPPER WIRE contained WITHIN THE TURNS OF WIRE as aligned by the input VOLTAGE.....NOT the CURRENT. And the greater the input VOLTAGE (up to maximum atom alignment of the atoms in the copper coil) the stronger the magnetic field surrounding the coil and hence, the greater the back-emf. For additional information, contact: Joseph Newman Publishing Company, Route 1, Box 52, Lucedale, MS 39452 USA or Evan Soule' Director of Information NEWMAN ENERGY PRODUCTS josephnewman@earthlink.net (504) 524-3063 P.O. Box 57684, New Orleans, LA 70157-7684 Websites: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/6087 http://www.infochase.com/us/master/index.html http://www.angelfire.com/biz/Newman/index.html *********************************************************** From: josephnewman@earthlink.net (Evan Soule) Joseph Newman in St. Louis, Part A. __________________________________________________________ Note: The following description of the events relating to Joseph Newman's presentation in St. Louis have not been reviewed by Joseph Newman and, as such, are prepared from my interpretation of his comments at the demonstration and my observations of same. __________________________________________________________ Synopsis: Over 150 people attended the demonstration of Joseph Newman's Electromagnetic Lift Device (ELD) on Friday, February 7, 1997 at the Holiday Inn SW in St. Louis, Missouri. A representative from ABC National News was present with a camera as well as a member of the St. Louis press and also media from Ohio. Engineers with NASA in Houston had arranged in advance to videotape the event for their review at a later time; Joseph Newman also arranged to videotape the event. After introductory remarks by myself (see Part B) Joseph Newman spoke while displaying slides and then presented his ELD followed by questions/answers. Free literature regarding the technology was distributed to all attendees. Background: St. Louis was chosen by Joseph Newman as a site for the demonstration for two reasons: 1) It was originally the place where Charles Lindbergh's plans for his transatlantic flight were finalized and 2) It is the city where the X-Prize Foundation announced its support for a practical means of vehicular launch ('mass transit style') into space from Earth. Joseph Newman's Presentation: While the essentials of his discussion are found in his fundamental book, during the course of his presentation, Joe made several remarks which especially caught my attention: 1) He stated that he had once read in a scientific magazine a discussion of particle accelerators. The article specifically described how the initial particle was accelerated through very powerful magnetic fields to a speed approaching that of light. At the instant of particle collision, many smaller (and sometimes new) particles would be detected and, as such, the event appeared to researchers somewhat like "clowns pouring out of an automobile at the circus." With respect to such particle detection, Joe stated the following: As he has demonstrated in his research over thirty years, the fundamental mechanical entity comprising all (electro)magnetic fields is the Gyroscopic Particle. If such particle acceleration researchers ignore the consequences of accelerating a given particle through __powerful magnetic fields__ then they are ignoring a very important fact: Joe believes that as the original particle is accelerated through these powerful magnetic fields (mechanically consisting of gyroscopic particles) --- as this original particle approaches the speed of light it begins to mechanically attract many of these gyroscopic particles which create the __very magnetic fields__ through which the particle is accelerated. As a result of such attraction, the structure of the original particle is altered and becomes larger: a new mechanical entity momentarily comprised of itself plus the various agglutinations of gyroscopic particles which are now accelerating along with it. What the researchers are detecting at the moment of impact are various new particles (consisting of gyroscopic particles) __WHICH THE RESEARCHERS THEMSELVES CREATED__ during the time that the original particle was accelerated through the powerful magnetic field (consisting of gyroscopic particles). It is quite possible that there may well be no upper limit to the number of "new particles" created in this manner --- although by the possibility of certain angles having a greater mechanical stability than others (between gyroscopic particles), it is also possible that certain types (classes) of sub-atomic particles will tend to be more frequently observed following the point of impact. Joe's primary point is that the researchers --- by their very technique of utilizing powerful magnetic fields (consisting of gyroscopic particles) for purposes of acceleration --- are creating the conditions for the observations which follow when the particle collides. My own crude analogy: let's say one has a jig-saw puzzle consisting of 1,000 puzzle pieces. Let's assume the puzzle is properly assembled and reduced to the size of a particle-to-be-accelerated (per above). Let's further assume that our challenge is to be able to know the original puzzle's design. So we physically accelerate this jig-saw puzzle through a "field" of additional tiny, puzzle pieces (gyroscopic particles) all spinning/traveling at various angles. Some of these additional puzzle pieces proceed to mechanically stick to the puzzle pieces of the original jigsaw puzzle to create a larger agglutinated puzzle mass having new combinations of puzzle parts. We then "smash" this resultant mass and, in the process, 'breakages' occur in new areas of the puzzle's mass and travel in different directions. We then attempt to observe all these new pieces that explode from the collision and attempt to construct the structure of the __original__ jig-saw puzzle. There may be a problem with this methodology if one wants to accurately comprehend the nature of the __original__ jig-saw puzzle. 2) "There is no neutrality to magnetic fields." (To paraphrase Faraday.) In the context of (1) above, Joseph Newman discussed in St. Louis the problem originally presented by Einstein with respect to faster-than-light travel in space and the problem of "infinite mass." Like the particle in the accelerator, if one has a space vehicle approaching light-speed while traveling through the universe --- which like the particle accelerator also consists of "an electromagnetic ocean of gyroscopic particles" that pervades the entire universe --- then it should become clear why the mass of the object in such a gyroscopic-particle-ocean (where such G.P.'s are mechanically intersecting the original traveling craft at many different angles as it reaches their lightspeed) would tend to become "infinite" in principle. Hence the problem of exceeding the speed of light. Joe explained that he mechanically envisioned that the solution to this problem is a simple one and would permit the space traveller to _exceed_ light speed. As one's craft approached light speed, it would become necessary to mechanically create an electromagnetic field about one's craft that would, in effect, mechanically repel the gyroscopic particles comprising the "electromagnetic ocean of the universe." Such a "electromagnetic force field" would enable one's craft to pass through the "light barrier" and reach speeds exceeding that of light. 3) Regarding the ELD Demonstration: This is a simple demonstration which anyone can repeat for themselves. The specific quantities are listed as an order of magnitude only. One may have the vary the parameters depending upon the size, shape of their own craft. Joe began with a mylar balloon approximately 2.5 feet in diameter. This was filled with helium. He then took two long strips of styrofoam (perhaps an inch thick with a length equal to that of the balloon). He also states that the long wings (sometimes made of styrofoam or balsa wood) of model aeroplanes can also be employed. The styrofoam strips are attached to the balloon with double stick tape on either side (2 sides, not 4). Now the winding begins. He first distributed double stick tape across the balloon which would serve as the mode of attachment for the wire and prevent it from slippage. In his example he utilized 38 gauge copper wire run 'length-wise' from one side to another (the same sides only) --- across the diameter of the balloon. The styrofoam strips served to stabilize the positioning of the copper wire and the side of the balloon as the wire was wound. He would wind the wire completely across the diameter of the balloon and then he would double back the windings again, generally trying to keep the wire's apr. 1/4" apart. How many windings? My visual estimate was c. 150. The important point is that the number of windings should be enough to equalize the lift force of the helium such the balloon should assumes equilibrium with the atmosphere when enough copper is attached. Once this is done, Joe attaches a smaller helium-filled balloon (perhaps 8" in diameter) on top of the larger balloon. Joe then attaches underneath the large balloon paper clips, etc. with double-stick tape to again bring the balloon to an equilibrium point. These clips, etc., simply represent the "payload." In accordance with his teachings (relating to his energy machine) of using HIGH voltage and LOW current, Joe then inputs voltage from two 17-member banks of 9-volt batteries connected in series, for a total of 34 batteries or 306 volts. When the electromagnetic connection is made, the balloon begins to rise. When the connection is released, the balloon begins to fall. While rising the balloon begins to gradually align itself with the Earth's magnetic field, much like a compass needle. IMPORTANT: Joe stresses that the above simple, toy-like design does *NOT* (except in the most generalized sense) represent the actual configuration of a craft mechanically worthy of reaching Earth's orbital altitudes. This simple, crude demonstration is only intended to demonstrate the principle. Joe described various means of building a structural craft that would be capable of traveling beyond Earth's atmosphere. Why helium, you ask? Why not? Helium is a substance which the universe has "been kind enough to offer us" --- why not utilize its obvious advantages with respect to our atmosphere. As Joe explained, the helium would counterbalance the majority of the weight of the payload while the vehicle was __in the Earth's atmosphere__. [I should add that it is estimated that Earth's atmosphere extends into space for up to 600 miles --- although at this point it is admittedly nearly indistinguishable from a vacuum.] As the atmosphere become less available for utilization by the helium, then the electromagnetic lift effect would play a greater and greater role in cause the craft to rise. Joe described (and he has given this much additional thought that was not disclosed at St. Louis) how a series of "balloons within balloons" with regulator valves could mechanically accommodate the expected expansion of the helium in upper atmospheric levels. In addition, it would be anticipated that some of the expanding helium could be pumped back into containment cylinders which could then be re-used when descent is desired. In this way, all materials could be continuously recycled for the ascent/descent. Once in space itself, it would be expected that the most optimum form of propulsion would ultimately be electromagnetic since such fields pervade the universe -- e.g., the Earth's electromagnetic field, and that of the moon, the Sun, and even the entire Galaxy. IMPORTANT POINT: Joe postulated that the most optimal point for initiating ascent/descent on the Earth's surface would be at either of the poles, where the magnetic flux lines are most concentrated and therefore strongest. At lower latitudes -- St. Louis or in Mississippi -- the lift effect relative to these physical lines of force is not as strong. Consequently, natural locations on the Earth for such electromagnetic Spaceports would be in the vicinity of the North or South poles. And a simple extrapolation for postulating the most effective way to exit/enter our own solar system would be from the vicinity of the north or south poles of our own star. Aside comment: Years ago I heard a lecture presented by an astrophysicist in which he postulated that someday, in the very distant future, our descendants would be living on the 'surface' of our Sun (recognizing that the Sun has no precise physical surface, such as the Earth). As ridiculous as this statement first sounded to me, he went on to explain that such a physical location would be optimal in terms of an access to energy and disposal of physical entropy. He postulated that by means of a very advanced electromagnetic shield, a population could create a habitable environment in close proximity to the Sun. Advanced, indeed! I would not care to be around should the shield fail! All in all, the St. Louis presentation was a good one and contacts were made which may prove helpful to the expansion of the technology in the future. Sincerely, Evan Soule' Director of Information NEWMAN ENERGY PRODUCTS josephnewman@earthlink.net (504) 524-3063 P.O. Box 57684, New Orleans, LA 70157-7684 Websites: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/6087 http://www.infochase.com/us/master/index.html http://www.angelfire.com/biz/Newman/index.html * Note: A gif document featuring one of his ELDs on the cover of the Mobile Press Register newspaper and a second gif document depicting in mechanical detail the nature of a physical effect demonstrating an _opposite_ force to gravity --- are also available. I will be happy to forward said gifs to anyone requesting them. *********************************************************** From: josephnewman@earthlink.net (Evan Soule) Joseph Newman in St. Louis, Part B. __________________________________________________________ Note: The following represents my introductory remarks given at St. Louis prior to the presentation by Joseph Newman. Following my remarks, a number of individuals who identified themselves as independent inventors and researchers came to me and expressed their appreciation for my speech. It is for this reason that I include these remarks with my posting: if my remarks can serve to encourage even one inventor (in whatever fields of study) to continue to pursue her/his dream -- then such remarks have served their purpose. ---- Evan Soule' __________________________________________________________ Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen. I once read in a popular scientific magazine the following comment: "THE DAY OF THE LONE RESEARCHER AND INVENTOR IS OVER. In the future, basic research will the sole domain of research teams presided over by large industrial concerns." I could not disagree more with this statement. On the contrary - when the day of the lone researcher and inventor is over, our Species is over. In physical science it has been said that "For ever action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." I believe this is also true in volitional science. If we actively destroy the incentive of our most highly leveraged individuals - our innovators - then our entire Species will suffer as a result in ways we cannot even imagine. Research "teams" may be valuable in filling in the steps made between the giant strides of our innovators - but without such innovators the very advancement of our species to our ultimate destiny - the stars - is at risk. I was recently asked the following by someone who had just heard about an invention you will witness today: "Well, if this technology is so important, why haven't I heard of it sooner?" My response: "Ask Galileo, ask Semmelweis, and ask Goddard - they could all provide excellent answers." This same question could have been asked of the Wright Brothers in 1903. This same question could have been asked of TSIOLSKOVSKY in the 1890s - but nobody would have asked - people were too busy ignoring him. The same question could have been asked of Goddard in the 1920s - but people were too busy attacking and ridiculing him for his absurd ideas on rocketry. The reception to innovation usually proceeds in several stages: first it's ignored, then it's ridiculed, then it's attacked, then ... much later ... it's accepted .... usually after the innovator is dead. And then, after it is accepted, there is invariably someone who comes along, looks at the given innovation and replies, "Well, what's the big deal - this is obvious." Well, as Christian Morgenstern once said, "The obvious is that which is never seen until someone expresses it simply." Let me repeat this, "The obvious is that which is never seen until someone expresses it simply." Yet simplicity is a characteristic of all great ideas. The wheel is simpler than that which proceeded it. The aeroplane is a simpler and more elegant means of transportation. And, come to think of it, the simplicity of the Golden Rule can be expressed in only a few words - and yet the Golden Rule contains more wisdom than the tens of thousands of words it took to 'regulate the price of cabbage in World War II.' Washing one's hands prior to a medical operation is a simple and obviously necessary task. Yet 150 years ago the innovator of this simple process, Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis, was attacked and ridiculed by his fellow physicians for proposing this technique. He was ultimately driven to despair and suicide from witnessing the needless and painful deaths of women infected during childbirth by their own doctors. I've asked myself this question, "How many people in December of 1903 would have been truly sensitive to the remarkable innovation of the Wright Brothers?" How many people - upon witnessing that early flight of Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk - would have at that moment realized the monumental significance of that achievement? I would suggest than many would have watched without understanding and would have come away from the demonstration unimpressed. I say this because it has been observed that the news media are often reflective of the consciousness of the people they represent. And, as a matter of historical record, the Wright Brothers had a brother named Lorin who - late on December 17, 1903 brought a telegram announcing their great achievement to the offices of the Dayton JOURNAL and showed the telegram to Frank Tunison who represented the Associated Press. The now famous telegram said the following: "From Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 17, 1903: 'Success. Four flights Thursday morning all against twenty-one-mile wind. Started from level with engine power alone. Average speed through air was thirty-one miles. Longest flight was 59 seconds. Please inform Press. Home Christmas.' - Orville Wright." Well, the Associated Press representative Frank Tunison looked at the telegram and said: **"59 seconds. If it were 59 minutes it might be worth mentioning."** This same newsman refused to report the first flight in our species' history because he didn't think a flight of less than one minute was a worthy news item, and he seemed, according to Lorin, annoyed over being bothered about such nonsense. Well, when did the majority of newspapers report on this major new event? The next day? The next week? The next month? The next year? NO! We are STILL waiting for the newspapers to report on the first flight! I have discovered that CONSISTENTLY, the great discoveries - those discoveries which affect the way we live our lives across this planet for generations to come - these great discoveries are usually ignored or go unrecognized by the vast majority of people at the time of their initial disclosure. You may say that such are isolated cases. I wish this were so, but the history of science in GENERAL and of innovation IN PARTICULAR says otherwise. And another example: How about the father of rocketry? Would you not say that this individual discovered a technology that has had a far-reaching impact on the lifestyle of every man and woman alive today? You might say, "certainly this innovator achieved recognition for his innovation." Nope. Wrong again. Most people don't even know who he is, let alone know of his achievement. His name: KONSTANTIN EDUARDOVICH TSIOLSKOVSKY. This 19th century innovator was a Russian schoolteacher by day and a rocket scientist by night. He was all but ignored by the world until a number of Soviet historians discovered him years later and made their claim to having the original pioneer of rocketry. But while was most productive, his discovery went largely ignored. Looking back over the way in which many major innovators have been treated throughout history - whether it's Galileo being threatened with death for his ideas, or Goddard being ridiculed for his ideas - is this to be the FUTURE history of the Spirit of American Innovation? Will future generations look back at the history of American Innovation and describe it as follows: "Such innovation was born in the resiliency of the Pioneer, and died in the suffocating arms of cynics and bureaucrats." I hope this is not the case, which is why I make my case for the importance of the lone innovator. The cynical and bureaucratic approach has its roots in negativism - which is the antithesis of innovation. All too often a bureaucrat's non-creative solution to a problem facing humanity is to pass more political laws and regulations that only serve to restrict the creativity of us all - in other words, **"everything that is not forbidden is compulsory."** [**stated by astrophysicist Andrew J. Galambos] Well, it's time for a change . . . a new beginning. And the speaker that you're about to hear has just such a new beginning in mind. A new beginning is what is needed to launch our species to the stars. A new beginning is what is needed to utilize a new technology that harnesses the very essence of our universe. As a major astrophysicist of our century once said: "Sic Itur Ad Astra" - this is the way to the stars. A couple of Ohio bicycle mechanics changed history. A Russian schoolteacher is the father of modern rocketry. An obscure Austrian doctor innovated a complete cure for puerperal fever. Yes, the day of the lone innovator is alive and well. I am sure you have heard the famous quotation, "if I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants." When Isaac Newton said this, he was standing on the shoulders of Archimedes, of Copernicus, of Galileo, of Kepler. The man I am introducing today has also seen farther than others. And it is because, in part, because he stands upon the shoulders of Joseph Black, of Michael Faraday, of James Clerk Maxwell, and of Albert Einstein. And it was Max Planck who said: "A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." Our history of the development of knowledge, of the struggle of innovation and inventors, represents our effort as a species to understand the universe. From a seemingly simple but profound integration of thought processes based upon direct observation, the speaker you are about to hear has moved our species closer to a greater understanding of the universe. Driven by those loftiest of human attributes - curiosity and enquiry - it is his thirty year persistence is the face of bureaucratic indifference, stupidity, and academic intellectual dishonesty, that has enabled him to develop our access to a new source of energy that is actually as old as the universe itself. In essence, the speaker you are about to hear has a personal philosophy which could best be summed up as follows: "If it can't be done, it interests me." And like the Wright Brothers, whose bicycle shop helped them to finance their quest to fly in a heavier-than-air machine, the speaker has utilized his successful inventions to help finance his quest to create and develop a revolutionary energy machine. In his endorsement, one physicist who worked extensively with the inventor, once wrote: "The future of the human race may be dramatically uplifted by the large-scale, commercial development of this invention." Dr. Robert E. Smith, former Chief of the Orbital and Space Environment Branch at the NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight* Center wrote, regarding our speaker: "If the manner in which he conducted his experiments and the results were made known to the industrial or engineering community then, in my opinion, several companies and/or individuals possess the expertise and capabilities to construct the hardware required to fully exploit the apparent capability of his new concepts." [Aside: *I've always wondered why NASA officials titled their Center thusly since these words, "Space Flight", in this context, seem to represent a logical contradiction.] And Dr. E. L. Moragne, a pioneer in the development of the first atomic bomb, wrote to the speaker: "You have opened an area in Astrophysics which may revolutionize the magnetic energy problems which is now the most paramount problem in future energy and space travel. I do believe with proper research funds, the results would not only be a great financial boom to your financiers, but would lead to developments that will be practical and beneficial to all mankind and develop a new step in science." I have personally known the speaker for nearly 14 years. I will make the following bold statement based upon my knowledge of his work and my observations over the past decade: It is my belief that the speaker today has a deeper and more fundamental _MECHANICAL_ understanding of electromagnetism than anyone alive on this planet. And I make this strong statement NOT to brag about the speaker - for whom I obviously have respect. I make this bold statement to encourage you, the listener, to utilize his talents and understanding to the maximum - *while he is alive*. Don't repeat the mistakes of our predecessors and provide recognition after the innovator has passed away. This only destroys the incentive of our innovators and impedes for us all, the progress of civilization. The inventor himself has said, "The finished prototype of what I teach will change the world drastically for the good of humanity, more so than any invention before this time." Ladies and Gentleman, it is now my pleasure to introduce to you, inventor Joseph Newman. _______________________________ Joseph Newman's Gyroscopic Particle Theory _does_ mechanically explain, for instance, Magnetic Attraction and Repulsion. Joe goes on to also state and demonstrate in his work that this fundamental gyroscopic entity is also the _mechanical_ unifier of the various fields. I will be the first to state that it would be highly desirable (for purposes of communication among physicists) to have Joe's mechanical work translated into mathematics. I honestly believe this will happen in time. But one must start somewhere. Michael Faraday's mechanics were sufficient to launch a new electromagnetic age in the history of our Species. Fortunately for us, James Clerk Maxwell considered the mechanically-minded Faraday a "mathematician of high order" and was himself sufficiently mechanically gifted to translate such mechanics into mathematical expression. I also believe that like Faraday, Joseph Newman will eventually find his "Maxwell." Very best regards, Evan Soule' Director of Information NEWMAN ENERGY PRODUCTS josephnewman@earthlink.net (504) 524-3063 P.O. Box 57684, New Orleans, LA 70157-7684 Websites: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/6087 http://www.infochase.com/us/master/index.html http://www.angelfire.com/biz/Newman/index.html *********************************************************** From: josephnewman@earthlink.net (Evan Soule) >From: Murray Orrick >Date: Fri, 14 Mar 1997 09:24:47 -0800 >Subject: What's the deal with the patent? > >Hi all, >I have been passively observing this list for a few months now and am >excited to see more interest in actually building motors & generators >based on Joe's theories. I am a musician/audio engineer and am not >interested in building a device myself (not my bag), though I am very >interested in seeing over-unity and free energy devices take over energy >production on our planet. I of course would love to have my house and >my car powered by such technology, but more importantly all of us need >to have access to it. > >So for mass commercialization, we need to get Joe his patent. I find it >absolutely ridiculous and quite frustrating that patents have been >awarded to other inventors of OU devices, while Joe has been denied. >WHAT'S UP WITH THAT????? > >Let's make the patent office (or whoever is in charge there) take notice >and give Joe his patent for God's sake! > >Evan, you have been doing a terrific job in providing a forum for Joe's >ideas, and have been a leader in championing Joe's cause. What can we >all do to help Joe get his patent? What can I do? > >Thanks! > >Murray Orrick Dear Murray -- As they say, "I GLAD YOU ASKED THAT QUESTION?" There is something every Forum member can do -- if possible: It is time to rekindle what was done some years ago -- and the opportunity for success is greater now than then: As many of you may know, at one point ELEVEN different U.S. CONGRESSMEN (both Democrats and Republicans) introduced eleven different (but identically worded) Private Relief Bills to have Congress issue Joseph Newman a patent directly. There is precedence for this, and Congress does have the power to do this since it usually delegates its power in this regard to the Executive Branch (PTO). Back at that time, all ELEVEN Bills were blocked by _one_ Congressman: Congressman Robert Kastenmeier from Wisconsin. His argument: the case was currently pending in the Federal Court in Washington and he was unwilling (as Chairman of the Subcommittee in question where all 11 Bills were referred) to hold hearings on the eleven Bills. We, of course, thought his attitude was ridiculous --- since our position was, "Since when was the Legislative Branch of government dependent upon what the Judicial Branch of government was doing?" But there is something EVEN MORE REVEALING: Those 11 Congressmen were totally frustrated with Kastenmeier and his lack of action on their legislation. At one point it got so bad that several of the Congressman in support of Joe had written very direct, pointed letters to Kastenmeier requesting IMMEDIATE ACTION on their legislation. In many case Kastenmeier DID NOT EVEN RESPOND to his fellow colleague's letters ( I understand that this is considered quite a breech of Congressional behavior). Well, the following is a _direct quote_ from a reply from Kastenmeier to a supporter who had originally written Kastenmeier on Joe's behalf: "At the present, because the issues of patentability are pending in court, we have no plans to conduct hearings on this issue. YOU SHOULD ALSO KNOW THAT OFFICIALS OF PRESIDENT REAGAN HAVE INDICATED THEIR OPPOSITION TO MR. NEWMAN'S PRIVATE RELIEF BILLS. THUS, UNLESS THE PRESIDENT CHANGES HIS POSITION, LEGISLATION ON THIS TOPIC IS UNLIKELY." [Emphasis added.] __________________________________________________________ When I read these words I was astonished. So were a number of U.S. Congressmen!!! My real question to Kastenmeier: Since when did a DEMOCRATIC member of the Legislative Branch of Government (Kastenmeier) care about the position of a REPUBLICAN President (Executive Branch of Government)? Something is very wrong here. This was one of the clues which led us to understand that those wielding (political) power to stop/delay the implementation of this technology were controlling not only several branches of government, but also members of BOTH PARTIES in government. And Congressman Livingston (one of the 11 Congressmen) wrote to Kastenmeier: "Dear Bob (Kastenmeier): "I have recently seen a copy of the correspondence which your Subcommittee is sending to individuals who contact you about the Joseph Newman/U.S. Patent Office dispute. "Your letter states that the private legislation now pending which would grant Joseph Newman the legal rights to his invention 'seeks to have the Congress make a scientific judgment that the Newman invention works.' This is appallingly inaccurate. These Bills do not require Congress to make any scientific determinations at all. They approach the issue from a strictly legal standpoint. More specifically, they require the Secretary of Commerce to issue a patent to Joseph Newman based on the fact that THE INVENTOR HAS FULFILLED ALL OF THE STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS NECESSARY TO RECEIVE A PATENT. "The job of Patent Office officials is to determine whether or not the inventor has complied with these requirements. Under normal Patent Office procedures, the evidence which Mr. Newman has submitted to demonstrate the operability of his device would be sufficient to obtain a patent. Unfortunately, the Patent Office has shown blatant disregard for its own established procedures in this case. "It is not the job of Patent Office officials to serve as a consumer protection agency or to guarantee operability of any patented device. If your staff has done any research into this matter, it would know that, as well as the fact that _many_ inventions which have received patents later proved to be inoperable. "The Subcommittee's letter also states that 'the NBS concluded that Newman's invention did not produce more energy than was put into it.' This is true. However, the letter fails to mention the fact that the NBS test results are invalid since NBS officials grounded Newman's machine during testing, something which the inventor says should not be done when testing the device for output. NBS officials have openly admitted this. "Finally, the letter states that 'official representatives of President Reagan have indicated their opposition to Mr. Newman's private relief bills. Thus, unless the President changes his position, legislation on this topic is unlikely." I would like to know who these 'official representatives' are. I was unaware that the President had made any official statement on this subject, and if you could bring to my attention any information which documents this, I would be most appreciative. "Thank you for your time and cooperation. I would sincerely appreciate a response to this letter. Sincerely, CONGRESSMAN ROBERT L. LIVINGSTON Member of Congress" __________________________________________________________ Congressman Kastenmeier __NEVER__ responded to the above letter from Congressman Livingston! __________________________________________________________ I am happy to report (due in part to our efforts in conjunction with residents in Wisconsin) --- that Congressman Kastenmeier was defeated in his bid to retain his Congressional seat --- after over 30 years in Congress. [Side note: I was informed by Wisconsin residents that Kastenmeier was so "entrenched" in Washington, D.C. that he did not even have a permanent residence (home) in his own district --- his "official residence" in Wisconsin was a hotel room.] Murray -- going back to your original question: "What can I do?" PLEASE, write your Congressmen and Senators and ask them to introduce new Private Relief Bills for Joseph Newman --- since Kastenmeier is out of the picture we have a fresh shot at this!!! You can even make their job easy for them by sending them a copy of the exact wording of the original eleven Bills. And I will be happy to mail/fax a copy of one of the Bills to anyone requesting same (or, better yet, send it in gif format). The following is the original wording of the Eleven different Congressional Private Relief Bills: ***************************************************************** "A BILL For the relief of Joseph W. Newman. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, is authorized and directed to immediately issue a pioneer patent to Joseph W. Newman for the invention described in the patent application numbered 179,474 and filed in August 1980. Such patent shall be accorded rights equal to the rights accorded to patents issued title 35, United States Code. ***************************************************************** Thanks for your support!!!!! Sincerely, Evan Soule Director of Information NEWMAN ENERGY PRODUCTS josephnewman@earthlink.net (504) 524-3063 P.O. Box 57684, New Orleans, LA 70157-7684 Websites: http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/6087 http://www.infochase.com/us/master/index.html http://www.angelfire.com/biz/Newman/index.html "I cannot conceive curved lines of force without the conditions of a physical existence in that intermediate space." --- MICHAEL FARADAY